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Code Complexity and Seniority: Striking the Right Balance

Writer's picture: Carlos BastosCarlos Bastos

Code complexity is an unavoidable aspect of software development, and the ability to manage it evolves with the seniority of the engineer. From junior developers writing simple code to master-level engineers solving complex problems with simplicity, understanding and controlling code complexity is a critical skill that differentiates the best developers.


Complexity and Engineer Seniority



Junior Engineers: Simple problems, simple solutions

Junior engineers often tackle straightforward problems. Their code tends to be simple, which could luckily align with the principle of "Keep It Simple, Stupid" (KISS). At this stage, the simplicity of the code is more a result of the simplicity of the problems rather than a deliberate design choice. While juniors are still learning best practices, their solutions are typically free from over-complication.


Mid-Level Engineers: Medium problems, increasing complexity

As engineers gain experience, they begin solving more intricate problems. This is also when they start to create and work with more complex code. While they might not yet fully master complexity, they are often exploring design patterns, abstractions, and frameworks. This stage is a turning point where they learn to balance complexity and simplicity but may occasionally over-engineer solutions as they experiment with advanced concepts.


Senior Engineers: Complex problems, mastering complexity

Senior engineers handle complex problems and are adept at leveraging complexity in their implementations. However, this is also where the principle of KISS is most often violated. It’s easy for senior engineers to fall into traps of over-architecture and over-engineering, introducing unnecessary abstractions or creating systems that exceed the complexity of the problems they aim to solve. This level requires a high degree of discipline and self-awareness to avoid complexity for its own sake.


Master-Level Engineers: Complex problems, simple Solutions

At the pinnacle of engineering expertise, master-level engineers solve complex problems with elegant simplicity. They have a deep understanding of both the problem and the tools at their disposal, allowing them to craft solutions that are as simple as possible while still addressing all requirements. This skill—transforming complex problems into simple, maintainable solutions—is an art that few achieve.


Problem Complexity vs. Solution Complexity

One of the most critical aspects of managing complexity is distinguishing between the complexity of the problem and the complexity of the solution. Ideally, the complexity of the solution should align closely with that of the problem, avoiding both under-engineering (leaving the problem unsolved) and over-engineering (introducing unnecessary complexity).


Key principles to guide this balance include:

  • Understand the problem: Misunderstanding the problem often leads to inappropriate solutions. Deeply analyzing the core issue ensures the solution is aligned with the actual requirements.

  • Respect KISS: The KISS principle is fundamental to maintainability. Simpler solutions are easier to build, test, and modify over time.

  • Beware of Over-Abstraction: While abstraction can simplify code, excessive abstraction often leads to leaky abstractions, making the code harder to understand and maintain.


The Triple Cost of Complexity

Unnecessary complexity comes with a triple cost:

  1. Initial Cost: Building complex systems takes more time and effort than simpler ones.

  2. Maintenance Cost: Modifying and maintaining complex systems is significantly more challenging and error-prone over the long term.

  3. Comprehension and Onboarding Cost: Complex codebases increase the difficulty for new developers to understand the system, leading to longer onboarding times and a steeper learning curve.

By minimizing complexity, engineers reduce all three costs, ensuring the codebase remains sustainable, maintainable, and accessible for new team members.


Mastering the Art of Simplicity

Solving complex problems with simple solutions requires:

  • A deep understanding of Design Principles: Combining principles such as DRY, SOLID, and YAGNI (and up to 21 Design Principles), with an unwavering commitment to KISS.

  • Focus on maintainability: Prioritizing solutions that will be easier for future developers to work with.

  • Pragmatic decision-making: Balancing immediate project needs with long-term sustainability.

Ultimately, simplicity is the key to effective software engineering. Master-level engineers understand that elegance lies in reducing a problem to its essence and crafting solutions that address it directly, without unnecessary complexity.


Mastering code complexity is not just a technical skill; it’s a mindset. By respecting design principles, understanding the nature of problems, and striving for simplicity, engineers at all levels can write code that is both effective and maintainable. For more insights into these principles, explore Software Design Principles book.

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